Monday, July 30, 2012

Parafon Forte DSC


Pronunciation: klor-ZOX-a-zone
Generic Name: Chlorzoxazone
Brand Name: Parafon Forte DSC


Parafon Forte DSC is used for:

Treating discomfort caused by muscle spasms. It is used in combination with rest, physical therapy, and other measures.


Parafon Forte DSC is a skeletal muscle relaxant. Exactly how it works to relieve discomfort caused by muscle spasms is not known.


Do NOT use Parafon Forte DSC if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Parafon Forte DSC

  • you are taking sodium oxybate (GHB)

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Parafon Forte DSC:


Some medical conditions may interact with Parafon Forte DSC. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have liver problems or a blood disease called porphyria

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Parafon Forte DSC. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • Sodium oxybate (GHB) because the sedative effects of Parafon Forte DSC may be increased

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Parafon Forte DSC may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Parafon Forte DSC:


Use Parafon Forte DSC as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Parafon Forte DSC by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.

  • If you miss a dose of Parafon Forte DSC, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Parafon Forte DSC.



Important safety information:


  • Parafon Forte DSC may cause dizziness, drowsiness, or light-headedness. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Parafon Forte DSC with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.

  • Do not drink alcohol while you are using Parafon Forte DSC.

  • Check with your doctor before you use medicines that may cause drowsiness (eg, sleep aids, muscle relaxers) while you are using Parafon Forte DSC; it may add to their effects. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about which medicines may cause drowsiness.

  • Parafon Forte DSC may discolor the urine orange to purple-red. This is normal and not a cause for concern.

  • Serious and sometimes fatal liver problems have been rarely reported in patients using Parafon Forte DSC. Contact your doctor if you experience symptoms of liver problems (eg, loss of appetite; usual nausea, vomiting, or tiredness; stomach pain; dark urine; pale stools; yellowing of the skin or eyes).

  • Use Parafon Forte DSC with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects.

  • Parafon Forte DSC should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Parafon Forte DSC while you are pregnant. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Parafon Forte DSC, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.


Possible side effects of Parafon Forte DSC:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Dizziness; drowsiness; general body discomfort; light-headedness; nausea; nervousness; over-stimulation.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue; unusual hoarseness); black, tarry stools; bloody or coffee ground-like vomit; fever; symptoms of liver problems (eg, loss of appetite; unusual nausea, vomiting, or tiredness; stomach pain; dark urine; pale stools; yellowing of the skin or eyes); weight loss.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Parafon Forte DSC side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include diarrhea; difficulty breathing; headache; light-headedness; nausea; sluggishness; unusual drowsiness or dizziness; vomiting; weak muscles.


Proper storage of Parafon Forte DSC:

Store Parafon Forte DSC at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Store in a tightly closed container away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Parafon Forte DSC out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Parafon Forte DSC, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Parafon Forte DSC is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Parafon Forte DSC. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Parafon Forte DSC resources


  • Parafon Forte DSC Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Parafon Forte DSC Dosage
  • Parafon Forte DSC Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
  • Parafon Forte DSC Drug Interactions
  • Parafon Forte DSC Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Parafon Forte DSC - Add your own review/rating


  • Parafon Forte DSC Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Parafon Forte DSC Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Parafon Forte DSC Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)

  • Parafon Forte DSC Monograph (AHFS DI)

  • Chlorzoxazone Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Chlorzoxazone Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)



Compare Parafon Forte DSC with other medications


  • Muscle Spasm

Thursday, July 26, 2012

Myochrysine


Generic Name: gold sodium thiomalate (gold SOE dee um thye OH ma late)

Brand Names: Myochrysine


What is Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate)?

Gold sodium thiomalate is a form of gold. Gold suppresses the inflammatory process.


Gold sodium thiomalate is used as an injection to treat adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.


Gold sodium thiomalate may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate)?


Contact your doctor immediately if you experience itching, a rash, a sore mouth, indigestion, a metallic taste in the mouth, severe or bloody diarrhea, easy bruising, or a nosebleed. These could be early signs of a toxic effect.


In rare cases, exposure to sunlight may cause areas of the skin to turn a bluish-gray color. To lessen this effect, minimize exposure to sunlight and wear a sunscreen and protective clothing when exposure to the sun is unavoidable.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate)?


Before taking gold sodium thiomalate, tell your doctor if you



  • have ever had any type of reaction to a gold compound or to any other medication;




  • have a history of bone marrow depression or blood problems;



  • have kidney disease;

  • have liver disease;


  • have congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, or any other type of heart disease;




  • have diabetes;




  • have inflammatory bowel disease;




  • have a rash; or




  • have severe lung disease.



You may not be able to take gold sodium thiomalate, or you may require a dosage adjustment or special monitoring during your therapy if you have any of these conditions.


Gold sodium thiomalate is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether gold sodium thiomalate will be harmful to an unborn baby. Gold sodium thiomalate does cross the placenta, and may accumulate in the tissue of a baby. Do not take gold sodium thiomalate without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant or could become pregnant during treatment. Gold sodium thiomalate passes into breast milk and may affect a nursing infant. Gold sodium thiomalate is not recommended for use during breast-feeding. Do not take gold sodium thiomalate without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I take Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate)?


Gold sodium thiomalate is given by injection. Your doctor or nurse will administer your doses, usually on a weekly basis to begin with, then every other week to monthly, depending upon your response to the medication.


You may want to lie down after injections, and your doctor will want to monitor you for side effects for 10 to 15 minutes following each shot.


Gold sodium thiomalate can cause serious side effects involving white and red blood cells. Your doctor will want to test your blood and urine before each injection to monitor any changes before they become dangerous.


Do not stop using gold sodium thiomalate without first talking to your doctor. It may take up to 3 months for you to see any effects from this medication, and it may be 6 months or more before the full benefits are realized.

What happens if I miss a dose?


Doses are given on a weekly basis. You should receive the missed dose as soon as possible, but a double dose should not be injected to make up for a missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention if an overdose is suspected.

Symptoms of an gold sodium thiomalate overdose include blood in the urine, painful urination, fever, sores or ulcers in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and itching. A gold sodium thiomalate overdose can result in death.


What should I avoid while using Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate)?


In rare cases, exposure to sunlight may cause areas of the skin to turn a bluish-gray color. To lessen this effect, minimize exposure to sunlight and wear a sunscreen and protective clothing when exposure to the sun is unavoidable.

Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate) side effects


Stop taking gold sodium thiomalate and seek emergency medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of the throat; swelling of the lips, tongue, or face; or hives).

Rarely, other serious side effects may also occur. Call your doctor immediately if you experience any of the following:



  • itching or a rash;




  • a sore mouth, indigestion, or a metallic taste in the mouth;




  • severe or bloody diarrhea;




  • easy bruising or a nosebleed;




  • yellow skin or eyes;




  • abdominal pain;




  • seizures;




  • confusion or hallucinations;




  • blood in vomit or stools;




  • blood in the urine or painful urination; or




  • shortness of breath; or




  • weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, fainting, and flushing shortly after an injection.



In addition, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Talk to your doctor if you experience any of the following:



  • diarrhea or loose stools;




  • nausea, stomach upset, decreased appetite;




  • changes in taste; or




  • sores or ulcers in the mouth.



Arthritic symptoms may appear to worsen for 1 to 2 days following an injection and should decrease with subsequent injections.


Gold sodium thiomalate can cause serious side effects involving white and red blood cells. Your doctor will want to test your blood and urine before each injection to monitor any changes before they become dangerous.


This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


What other drugs will affect Myochrysine (gold sodium thiomalate)?


Before using gold sodium thiomalate, tell your doctor and pharmacist about all prescription and over-the-counter medicines that you take, including vitamins, minerals, and herbal products, so that your treatment can be monitored for interactions.



More Myochrysine resources


  • Myochrysine Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Myochrysine Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Myochrysine Drug Interactions
  • Myochrysine Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Myochrysine - Add your own review/rating


  • Myochrysine Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Myochrysine Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Myochrysine MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Gold Sodium Thiomalate Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)



Compare Myochrysine with other medications


  • Felty's Syndrome
  • Pemphigus
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist has more information about gold sodium thiomalate written for health professionals that you may read.

See also: Myochrysine side effects (in more detail)


zinc acetate


Generic Name: zinc acetate (ZINK AS e tate)

Brand Names: Galzin


What is zinc acetate?

Zinc is a naturally occurring mineral. Zinc is important for growth and for the development and health of body tissues.


Zinc acetate is used to treat and to prevent zinc deficiency.


Zinc acetate may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about zinc acetate?


Before using zinc acetate, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, herbalist, or other healthcare provider. You may not be able to use zinc acetate if you have certain medical conditions.


Avoid taking this medication with foods that are high in calcium or phosphorus, which can make it harder for your body to absorb zinc acetate. Foods high in calcium or phosphorus include milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, dried beans or peas, lentils, nuts, peanut butter, beer, cola soft drinks, and hot cocoa.

Zinc acetate can make certain antibiotics less effective. Tell your doctor about all other medications you are using before you start taking zinc acetate.


What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking zinc acetate?


Before using zinc acetate, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, herbalist, or other healthcare provider. You may not be able to use zinc acetate if you have certain medical conditions.


It is not known whether zinc acetate will harm an unborn baby. Do not take zinc acetate without telling your doctor if you are pregnant or could become pregnant during treatment. It is not known whether zinc acetate passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I take zinc acetate?


Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.


Take zinc acetate with a full glass of water. Take zinc acetate with food if it upsets your stomach.

Your healthcare provider may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results from zinc acetate. The recommended dietary allowance of zinc acetate increases with age. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions. You may also consult the National Academy of Sciences "Dietary Reference Intake" or the U.S. Department of Agriculture's "Dietary Reference Intake" (formerly "Recommended Daily Allowances" or RDA) listings for more information.


Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

See also: Zinc acetate dosage (in more detail)

What happens if I miss a dose?


Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

Overdose symptoms may include nausea, severe vomiting, dehydration, and restlessness.


What should I avoid while taking zinc acetate?


Avoid taking this medication with foods that are high in calcium or phosphorus, which can make it harder for your body to absorb zinc acetate. Foods high in calcium or phosphorus include milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, dried beans or peas, lentils, nuts, peanut butter, beer, cola soft drinks, and hot cocoa.

Zinc acetate side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Less serious side effects may include:



  • nausea; or




  • upset stomach.



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


Zinc acetate Dosing Information


Usual Adult Dose for Wilson's Disease:

Maintenance (following initial chelation therapy):
50 mg orally 3 times a day on an empty stomach. All doses should be administered at least one hour before or two to three hours after consumption of any food and beverage other than water.,

Usual Pediatric Dose for Zinc Deficiency:

Clinical response may not occur for up to 6 to 8 weeks

RDA: Oral:

Neonates and Infants less than 12 months: 5 mg elemental zinc/day

Children 1 to 10 years: 10 mg elemental zinc/day

Children less than or equal to 11 years and adults: Male: 15 mg elemental zinc/day Female: 12 mg elemental zinc/day

Zinc deficiency: Oral:

Infants and children: 0.5 to 1 mg elemental zinc/kg/day divided 1 to 3 times/day; larger doses may be needed if impaired intestinal absorption or an excessive loss of zinc (e.g., excessive, prolonged diarrhea)

Supplement to parenteral nutrition solutions (clinical response may not occur for up to 6-8 weeks): IV (all doses are mcg or mg of elemental zinc):

Premature Infants: 400 mcg/kg/day
Term Infants less than 3 months: 300 mcg/kg/day
Infants greater than or equal to 3 months and children less than or equal to 5 years: 100 mcg/kg/day (maximum: 5 mg/day)
Children greater than 5 years and adolescents: 2.5 to 5 mg/day

Usual Pediatric Dose for Wilson's Disease:

Zinc acetate is not indicated for the initial treatment of Wilson's disease but for maintenance after initial therapy with a chelating agent (approximately 4-6 months).

Maintenance treatment of Wilson's disease: Zinc acetate: Dose is in mg elemental zinc: Note: Indicated for initial treatment of Wilson's disease in asymptomatic or presymptomatic patients or for maintenance after initial therapy with a chelating agent (approximately 1 to 5 years).

Children 5 to 18 years:
less than 50 kg: 25 mg/dose 3 times/day
greater than or equal to 50 kg: 50 mg/dose 3 times/day


What other drugs will affect zinc acetate?


The following drugs can interact with or be made less effective by zinc acetate. Tell your doctor if you are using any of these:



  • a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin);




  • methyltestosterone (Android, Methitest, Oreton);




  • penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen);




  • risedronate (Actonel);




  • a tetracycline antibiotic such as demeclocycline (Declomycin), doxycycline (Adoxa, Doryx, Oracea, Vibramycin), minocycline (Dynacin, Minocin, Solodyn, Vectrin), or tetracycline (Brodspec, Panmycin, Sumycin, Tetracap); or




  • an antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro), ofloxacin (Floxin), norfloxacin (Noroxin), levofloxacin (Levaquin), and others.



This list is not complete and other drugs may interact with zinc acetate. Tell your healthcare provider about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More zinc acetate resources


  • Zinc acetate Dosage
  • Zinc acetate Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Zinc acetate Drug Interactions
  • Zinc acetate Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Zinc acetate - Add your own review/rating


  • Zinc Acetate MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Galzin Prescribing Information (FDA)

  • Galzin Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information



Compare zinc acetate with other medications


  • Wilson's Disease
  • Zinc Deficiency


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about zinc acetate.


Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen


Pronunciation: SOO-doe-e-FED-rin/KOE-deen/gwye-FEN-e-sin/a-SEET-a-MIN-oh-fen
Generic Name: Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen
Brand Name: Examples include Maxiflu CD and Maxiflu CDX

Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen contains acetaminophen. Severe and sometimes fatal liver problems, including the need for liver transplant, have been reported with the use of acetaminophen. Most cases of these liver problems occurred in patients taking excessive doses of acetaminophen (more than 4,000 mg per day). Also, patients who developed these liver problems were often using more than 1 medicine that contained acetaminophen. Discuss any questions or concerns with your doctor.





Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen is used for:

Relieving pain, congestion, cough, fever, and throat and airway irritation due to respiratory tract infections and other related conditions. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.


Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen is a decongestant, narcotic cough suppressant, expectorant, and analgesic combination. The decongestant works by constricting blood vessels and reducing swelling in the nasal passages. The expectorant works by loosening mucus and lung secretions in the chest, making coughs more productive. The cough suppressant works in the brain to help decrease the cough reflex. The analgesic works in the brain to reduce pain and fever.


Do NOT use Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen

  • you are breast-feeding

  • you have severe or uncontrolled high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, or other severe heart problems (eg, heart blood vessel disease)

  • you have an enlarged prostate

  • you take droxidopa, or have taken furazolidone or a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (eg, phenelzine) within the last 14 days

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen:


Some medical conditions may interact with Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have had an allergic reaction to any other codeine- or morphine-related medicine (eg, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone)

  • if you have a history of glaucoma or increased pressure in the eye; heart problems, (eg, cor pulmonale; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; heart disease); diabetes; high or low blood pressure; blood vessel problems (eg, in the brain, in the heart); adrenal gland problems (eg, Addison disease, pheochromocytoma); mental or mood problems (eg, depression); prostate problems; stomach or bowel problems (eg, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, ulcers); seizures; stroke; liver problems (eg, hepatitis); kidney problems; thyroid problems; trouble sleeping; or recent stomach, bowel, or urinary surgery

  • if you have a history of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other lung or breathing problems (eg, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, sleep apnea, slow or irregular breathing), or chronic cough, or if your cough occurs with large amounts of mucus

  • if you have severe drowsiness, increased pressure in the brain, an unusual growth in the brain (eg, tumor), a recent head or brain injury, or infection of the brain or nervous system

  • if you have difficulty urinating; low blood volume; a certain bowel problem (pseudomembranous colitis); stomach pain; constipation; a blockage of your bladder, stomach, or bowels; or poor health

  • if you are very overweight or are dehydrated

  • if you drink alcohol, or you have a history of alcohol or drug abuse or dependence, or suicidal thoughts or behaviors

  • if you take medicine for high blood pressure or depression

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following


  • Digoxin or droxidopa because the risk of irregular heartbeat or heart attack may be increased

  • Beta-blockers (eg, propranolol), furazolidone, indomethacin, linezolid, MAOIs (eg, phenelzine), tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline), or urinary alkalinizers (eg, sodium bicarbonate) because they may increase the risk of Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen's side effects

  • Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin) or bromocriptine because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen

  • Guanadrel, guanethidine, mecamylamine, medicines for high blood pressure, methyldopa, or reserpine because their effectiveness may be decreased by Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen

  • Medicines that may harm the liver (eg, methotrexate, ketoconazole, isoniazid, certain medicines for HIV infection) because the risk of liver side effects may be increased. Ask your doctor if you are unsure if any of your medicines might harm the liver

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen:


Use Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.

  • Take Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen with a full glass of water (8 oz/240 mL).

  • Drinking extra fluids while you are taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen is recommended.

  • If you miss a dose of Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen and you are taking it regularly, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen.



Important safety information:


  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may cause dizziness or drowsiness. Do not drive, operate machinery, or do anything else that could be dangerous until you know how you react to Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. Taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen alone, with certain other medicines, or with alcohol may lessen your ability to drive or perform other potentially dangerous tasks.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may cause dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting; alcohol, hot weather, exercise, or fever may increase these effects. To prevent them, sit up or stand slowly, especially in the morning. Sit or lie down at the first sign of any of these effects.

  • Do not drink alcohol while you are taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen.

  • Check with your doctor before you use medicines that may cause drowsiness (eg, sleep aids, muscle relaxers) while you are taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen; it may add to their effects. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about which medicines may cause drowsiness.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may cause or worsen constipation. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about using a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. It is also important to maintain a diet adequate in fiber, drink plenty of water, and exercise to prevent constipation. If you become constipated while taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

  • Do not take appetite suppressants while you are taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen without checking with your doctor.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen contains acetaminophen, a decongestant (pseudoephedrine), a narcotic cough suppressant (codeine), and an expectorant (guaifenesin). Before you start any new prescription or nonprescription medicine, check the label to see if it has any of these medicines, other narcotic pain relievers or cough suppressants, or other decongestants in it too. If it does or if you are not sure, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

  • Do NOT take more than the recommended dose, take more often than prescribed, or take for longer than prescribed without checking with your doctor.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may harm your liver. Your risk may be greater if you drink alcohol while you are taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. Talk to your doctor before you take Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen or other fever reducers if you drink alcohol.

  • Contact your doctor right away if you take more than 4,000 mg of acetaminophen per day, even if you feel well.

  • If your symptoms do not improve within 5 to 7 days or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • If your cough does not improve within 5 days, goes away and comes back, or occurs along with a high fever, rash, or persistent headache, check with your doctor.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may cause you to become sunburned more easily. Avoid the sun, sunlamps, or tanning booths until you know how you react to Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. Use a sunscreen or wear protective clothing if you must be outside for more than a short time.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may interfere with certain lab test results. Make sure that all of your doctors and laboratory personnel know that you are taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen.

  • Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery

  • Use Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, excitability, low blood pressure, and trouble urinating.

  • Caution is advised when using Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen in CHILDREN; they may be more sensitive to its effects.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 6 years old; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen while you are pregnant. Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may be found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen.

When used for long periods of time or at high doses, Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen may not work as well and may require higher doses to obtain the same effect as when originally taken. This is known as TOLERANCE. Talk with your doctor if Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen stops working well. Do not take more than prescribed.


When used for long periods of time or at high doses, some people develop a need to continue taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. This is known as DEPENDENCE or addiction.


If you suddenly stop taking Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen, you may experience WITHDRAWAL symptoms including anxiety; diarrhea; fever, runny nose, or sneezing; goose bumps and abnormal skin sensations; nausea; vomiting; pain; rigid muscles; rapid heartbeat; seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there; shivering or tremors; sweating; and trouble sleeping.



Possible side effects of Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Constipation; dizziness; drowsiness; excitability; headache; irritability; light-headedness; nausea; sweating; trouble sleeping; vomiting; weakness.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, throat, or tongue); confusion; difficulty urinating or inability to urinate; fainting; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; fever, chills, or persistent sore throat; hallucinations; involuntary muscle movements; mental or mood changes (eg, anxiety, nervousness); persistent trouble sleeping; restlessness; seizures; severe or persistent dizziness, drowsiness, light-headedness, or headache; slow, difficult, or shallow breathing; symptoms of liver problems (eg, dark urine, loss of appetite, pale stools, stomach pain, yellowing of the skin or eyes); tremor; vision problems.



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.



If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include blurred vision; cold and clammy skin; coma; confusion; decreased urination; difficulty urinating; fainting; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; hallucinations; increased or decreased pupil size; increased sweating; limp muscles; paleness; restlessness; seizures; severe dizziness, light-headedness, or headache; severe drowsiness; severe excitability; severe nausea, vomiting, or weakness; slow, fast, difficult, or shallow breathing; symptoms of liver problems (eg, dark urine, loss of appetite, pale stools, stomach pain, yellowing of the skin or eyes); tremor; unusual bruising or bleeding.


Proper storage of Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen:

Store Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Pseudoephedrine/Codeine/Guaifenesin/Acetaminophen. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

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Wednesday, July 25, 2012

amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole


Generic Name: amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole (a MOX i SIL in, kla RITH roe MYE sin, LAN soe PRA zole)

Brand Names: Prevpac


What is amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole?

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic in the penicillin group of drugs. It fights bacteria in your body.


Clarithromycin is in a group of drugs called macrolide antibiotics. Clarithromycin fights bacteria in your body.


Lansoprazole decreases the amount of acid produced in the stomach.


The combination of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole is used to prevent stomach ulcer caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).


Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole?


You should not take this medication if you are allergic to amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox, Dispermox), clarithromycin (Biaxin), lansoprazole (Prevacid), or to certain other antibiotics.

While you are taking amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole, do not take any of the following medications: cisapride (Propulsid), ergotamine (Ergomar, Cafergot, Ercaf, Migergot), dihydroergotamine (D.H.E. 45, Migranal Nasal Spray), ergonovine (Ergotrate), or pimozide (Orap).


Tell your doctor if you have kidney or liver disease, myasthenia gravis, or if you are allergic to any drugs (especially any antibiotics).


Amoxicillin can make birth control pills less effective, which may result in pregnancy. Before taking amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole, tell your doctor if you use birth control pills.

There are many other medicines that can interact with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole. Tell your doctor about all your prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.


What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole?


You should not take this medication if you are allergic to amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox, Dispermox), clarithromycin (Biaxin), lansoprazole (Prevacid), or to any of the following antibiotics:

  • ampicillin (Omnipen, Principen);




  • azithromycin (Zithromax);




  • carbenicillin (Geocillin);




  • dicloxacillin (Dycill, Dynapen);




  • erythromycin (E.E.S., EryPed, Ery-Tab, Erythrocin);




  • oxacillin (Bactocill);




  • penicillin (Beepen-VK, Ledercillin VK, Pen-V, Pen-Vee K, Pfizerpen, V-Cillin K, Veetids, and others);




  • telithromycin (Ketek); or




  • troleandomycin (Tao).



Taking any of the following medicines together with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole can cause a life-threatening side effect on your heart:



  • cisapride (Propulsid);




  • ergotamine (Ergomar, Cafergot, Ercaf, Migergot);




  • dihydroergotamine (D.H.E. 45, Migranal Nasal Spray), ergonovine (Ergotrate); or




  • pimozide (Orap).



If you have certain conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely use this medication. Before taking amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole, tell your doctor if you have:



  • kidney disease;




  • liver disease;




  • myasthenia gravis; or




  • if you are allergic to any drugs (especially an antibiotic).




FDA pregnancy category C. Clarithromycin may be harmful to an unborn baby. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. Amoxicillin can make birth control pills less effective, which may result in pregnancy. Before taking amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole, tell your doctor if you use birth control pills. Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I take amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole?


Take this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take it in larger amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.


Each dose of this combination medication contains 4 pills ( 3 capsules and 1 tablet). Take all 4 pills twice daily before you eat, unless your doctor tells you otherwise.


Do not crush, chew, break, or open the pills. Swallow each pill whole. You may swallow the pills one at a time. Take this medication for the full prescribed length of time. Your symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared. Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.

This medication can cause you to have unusual results with certain medical tests. Tell any doctor who treats you that you are using amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole.


Store this medication at room temperature, away from moisture, heat, and light.

What happens if I miss a dose?


Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to take the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


Seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine.

Overdose symptoms may include stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or urinating less than usual.


What should I avoid while taking amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole?


Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea, which may be a sign of a new infection. If you have diarrhea that is watery or has blood in it, call your doctor. Do not use any medicine to stop the diarrhea unless your doctor has told you to.


Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as:

  • diarrhea that is watery or bloody;




  • signs of new infection, such as fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, mouth sores;




  • easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness;




  • agitation, confusion, unusual thoughts or behavior;




  • dizziness, fainting, fast or pounding heartbeat; or




  • fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash.



Less serious side effects may include:



  • unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth;




  • headache;




  • nausea, vomiting, stomach pain;




  • constipation, dark colored stools;




  • dry mouth, increased thirst; or




  • vaginal itching or discharge.



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole Dosing Information


Usual Adult Dose for Helicobacter pylori Infection:

1000 mg amoxicillin, 500 mg clarithromycin, and 30 mg lansoprazole, orally two times daily (morning and evening) for 10 to 14 days.


What other drugs will affect amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole?


Many drugs can interact with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole. Below is just a partial list. Tell your doctor if you are using:



  • HIV/AIDS medications such as atazanavir (Reyataz), ritonavir (Norvir), or zidovudine (Retrovir);




  • a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin);




  • clopidogrel (Plavix);




  • cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune);




  • digoxin (Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps);




  • iron supplements (Feosol, Fergon, Slow Fe, and others);




  • fluconazole (Diflucan) or ketoconazole (Nizoral);




  • probenecid (Benemid);




  • rifabutin (Mycobutin);




  • sildenafil (Viagra);




  • tacrolimus (Prograf);




  • theophylline (Elixophyllin, Theo-24, Uniphyl, and others);




  • a sulfa drug (such as Bactrim or Septra);




  • HIV/AIDS medications such as atazanavir (Reyataz), ritonavir (Norvir), or zidovudine (Retrovir);




  • cholesterol-lowering medicines such as atorvastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin (Zocor), lovastatin (Mevacor), and others;




  • a heart rhythm medication such as disopyramide (Norpace) or quinidine (Quinaglute, Quinidex, Quin-Release);




  • a sedative such as alprazolam (Xanax), midazolam (Versed), or triazolam (Halcion);




  • seizure medication such as carbamazepine (Equetro, Carbatrol, Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), or valproate (Depakote, Depakene); or




  • a tetracycline antibiotic such as demeclocycline (Declomycin), doxycycline (Adoxa, Doryx, Oracea, Vibramycin), minocycline (Dynacin, Minocin, Solodyn, Vectrin), or tetracycline (Brodspec, Panmycin, Sumycin, Tetracap).



This list is not complete and there may be other drugs that can interact with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole. Tell your doctor about all your prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole resources


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  • Helicobacter Pylori Infection


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole.

See also: amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole side effects (in more detail)


Tuesday, July 24, 2012

Erythromycin Capsules




ERYTHROMYCIN

DELAYED-RELEASE

CAPSULES, USP

Rx only


To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules and other antibacterial drugs, Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.



Erythromycin Capsules Description


Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules contain enteric coated pellets of erythromycin base for oral administration.


Each Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsule contains 250 milligrams of erythromycin base.



Inactive Ingredients


Cellulosic polymers, citrate ester, D&C Red No. 30, D&C Yellow No. 10, magnesium stearate and povidone. The capsule shell contains FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 3, gelatin, and titanium dioxide.


Erythromycin i s produced by a strain of Saccharopolyspora erythaea (formerly Streptomyces erythraeus) and belongs to the macrolide group of antibiotics. It is basic and readily forms salts with acids but it is the base which is microbiologically active. Erythromycin base is (3R*, 4S*, 5S*, 6R*, 7R*, 9R*, 11R*, 12R*, 13S*, 14R*)-4-[(2,6- Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-α-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl) oxy] - 14 - ethyl - 7,12,13 - trihydroxy - 3,5,7,9,11,13 - hexamethyl - 6 - [[3,4,6 - trideoxy - 3 - (dimethylamino) - β - D - xylo - hexopyranosyl]oxy] oxacyclotetradecane-2,10-dione.




Erythromycin Capsules - Clinical Pharmacology


Orally administered erythromycin base and its salts are readily absorbed in the microbiologically active form. Interindividual variations in the absorption of erythromycin are, however, observed, and some patients do not achieve acceptable serum levels. Erythromycin is largely bound to plasma proteins, and the freely dissociating bound fraction after administration of erythromycin base represents 90% of the total erythromycin absorbed. After absorption, erythromycin diffuses readily into most body fluids. In the absence of meaningeal inflammation, low concentrations are normally achieved in the spinal fluid, but the passage of the drug across the blood-brain barrier increases in meningitis. The drug is excreted in human milk. The drug crosses the placental barrier, but fetal plasma levels are low. Erythromycin is not removed by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.


In the presence of normal hepatic function erythromycin is concentrated in the liver and is excreted in the bile; the effect of hepatic dysfunction on biliary excretion of erythromycin is not known. After oral administration, less than 5% of the administered dose can be recovered in the active form in the urine.


The enteric coating of pellets in Erythromycin Delayed release Capsules protects the erythromycin base from inactivation by gastric acidity. Because of their small size and enteric coating, the pellets readily pass intact from the stomach to the small intestine and dissolve efficiently to allow absorption of erythromycin in a uniform manner. After administration of a single dose of a 250 mg Erythromycin Delayedrelease Capsule, peak serum levels in the range of 1.13 to 1.68 mcg/mL are attained in approximately 3 hours and decline to 0.30-0.42 mcg/mL in 6 hours. Optimal conditions for stability in the presence of gastric secretion and for complete absorption are attained when erythromycin is taken on an empty stomach.



Microbiology


Erythromycin acts by inhibition of protein synthesis by binding 50 S ribosomal subunits of susceptible organisms. It does not affect nucleic acid synthesis. Antagonism has been demonstrated in vitro between erythromycin and clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol.


Many strains of Haemophilus inuenzae are resistant to erythromycin alone but are susceptible to erythromycin and sulfonamides used concomitantly.


Staphylococci resistant to erythromycin may emerge during a course of therapy.


Erythromycin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.


Gram-positive Organisms:


 

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

 

Corynebacterium minutissimum

 

Listeria monocytogenes

 

Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms may emerge during treatment)

 

Streptococcus pneumoniae

 

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram-negative Organisms:


 

Bordetella pertussis

 

Legionella pneumophila

 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Other Microorganisms:


 

Chlamydia trachomatis

 

Entamoeba histolytica

 

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

 

Treponema pallidum

 

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Susceptibility Tests

Dilution Techniques


Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's). These MIC's provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MIC's should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method1 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of erythromycin powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria:










MIC (µg/mL)Interpretation
≤ 0.5Susceptible (S)
1-4Intermediate (I)
≥ 8Resistant (R)

A report of "Susceptible" indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of "Intermediate" indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of "Resistant" indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.


Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard erythromycin powder should provide the following MIC values:






MicroorganismMIC (µg/mL)
S. aureus ATCC 292130.12-0.5

Diffusion Techniques


Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure2 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 15-µg erythromycin to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to erythromycin.


Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 15-µg erythromycin disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria:










Zone Diameter (mm)Interpretation
≥23Susceptible (S)
14-22Intermediate (I)
≤13Resistant (R)

Interpretation should be as stated above for results using dilution techniques. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for erythromycin.


As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 15-µg erythromycin disk should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains:






MicroorganismZone Diameter (mm)
S. aureus ATCC 2592322-30

Indications and Usage for Erythromycin Capsules


To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules and other antibacterial drugs, Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.


Erythromycin is indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the diseases listed below:


Upper respiratory tract infections of mild to moderate degree caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae (when used concomitantly with adequate doses of sulfonamides, since many strains of H. influenzae are not susceptible to the erythromycin concentrations ordinarily achieved). (See appropriate sulfonamide labeling for prescribing information.)


Lower-respiratory tract infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus pyogenes.


Listeriosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes.


Pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis. Erythromycin is effective in eliminating the organism from the nasopharynx of infected individuals rendering them noninfectious. Some clinical studies suggest that erythromycin may be helpful in the prophylaxis of pertussis in exposed susceptible individuals.


Respiratory tract infections due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.


Skin and skin structure infections of mild to moderate severity caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus (resistant staphylococci may emerge during treatment).


Diphtheria: Infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, as an adjunct to antitoxin, to prevent establishment of carriers and to eradicate the organism in carriers.


Erythrasma: In the treatment of infections due to Corynebacterium minutissimum.


Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum: Erythromycin is an alternate choice of treatment for primary syphilis in penicillin-allergic patients. In treatment of primary syphilis, spinal fluid examinations should be done before treatment and as part of follow-up after therapy.


Intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica (oral erythromycins only). Extraenteric amebiasis requires treatment with other agents.


Acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Erythromycin lactobionate for injection, USP followed by erythromycin base orally as an alternative drug in treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease caused by N. gonorrhoeae in female patients with a history of sensitivity to penicillin. Patients should have a serologic test for syphilis before receiving erythromycin as treatment of gonorrhea and a follow-up serologic test for syphilis after 3 months.


Erythromycins are indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: conjunctivitis of the newborn, pneumonia of infancy, and urogenital infections during pregnancy. When tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated, erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults due to Chlamydia trachomatis.


When tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated, erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum.


Legionnaires' Disease caused by Legionella pneumophila. Although no controlled clinical efficacy studies have been conducted, in vitro and limited preliminary clinical data suggest that erythromycin may be effective in treating Legionnaires' Disease.



Prophylaxis


Prevention of Initial Attacks of Rheumatic Fever

Penicillin is considered by the American Heart Association to be the drug of choice in the prevention of initial attacks of rheumatic fever (treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections of the upper respiratory tract, e.g., tonsillitis or pharyngitis). Erythromycin is indicated for the treatment of penicillin-allergic patients.3 The therapeutic dose should be administered for 10 days.


Prevention of Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever

Penicillin or sulfonamides are considered by the American Heart Association to be the drugs of choice in the prevention of recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever. In patients who are allergic to penicillin and sulfonamides, oral erythromycin is recommended by the American Heart Association in the long-term prophylaxis of streptococcal pharyngitis (for the prevention of recurrent attacks of rheumatic fever).3



Contraindications


Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to this antibiotic.


Erythromycin is contraindicated in patients taking terfenadine, astemizole, pimozide, or cisapride. (See PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions.)



Warnings


There have been reports of hepatic dysfunction, including increased liver enzymes, and hepatocellular and/or cholestatic hepatitis, with or without jaundice, occurring in patients receiving oral erythromycin products.


There have been reports suggesting that erythromycin does not reach the fetus in adequate concentration to prevent congenital syphilis. Infants born to women treated during pregnancy with oral erythromycin for early syphilis should be treated with an appropriate penicillin regimen.


Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.


C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.


If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.


Rhabdomyolysis with or without renal impairment has been reported in seriously ill patients receiving erythromycin concomitantly with lovastatin. Therefore, patients receiving concomitant lovastatin and erythromycin should be carefully monitored for creatine kinase (CK) and serum transaminase levels. (See package insert for lovastatin.)



Precautions



General


Prescribing Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.


Since erythromycin is principally excreted by the liver, caution should be exercised when erythromycin is administered to patients with impaired hepatic function. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and WARNINGS sections.)


Exacerbation of symptoms of myasthenia gravis and new onset of symptoms of myasthenic syndrome have been reported in patients receiving erythromycin therapy.


There have been reports of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) occurring in infants following erythromycin therapy. In one cohort of 157 newborns who were given erythromycin for pertussis prophylaxis, seven neonates (5%) developed symptoms of non-bilious vomiting or irritability with feeding and were subsequently diagnosed as having IHPS requiring surgical pyloromyotomy. A possible dose-response effect was described with an absolute risk of IHPS of 5.1% for infants who took erythromycin for 8-14 days and 10% for infants who took erythromycin for 15-21 days.4 Since erythromycin may be used in the treatment of conditions in infants which are associated with significant mortality or morbidity (such as pertussis or neonatal Chlamydia trachomatis infections), the benefit of erythromycin therapy needs to be weighed against the potential risk of developing IHPS. Parents should be informed to contact their physician if vomiting or irritability with feeding occurs.


Prolonged or repeated use of erythromycin may result in an overgrowth of nonsusceptible bacteria or fungi. If superinfection occurs, erythromycin should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted.


When indicated, incision and drainage or other surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.



Information for Patients


Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules or other antibacterial drugs in the future.


Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.



Drug Interactions


Erythromycin use in patients who are receiving high doses of theophylline may be associated with an increase in serum theophylline levels and potential theophylline toxicity. In case of theophylline toxicity and/or elevated serum theophylline levels, the dose of theophylline should be reduced while the patient is receiving concomitant erythromycin therapy.


Hypotension, bradyarrhythmias, and lactic acidosis have been observed in patients receiving concurrent verapamil, belonging to the calcium channel blockers drug class.


Concomitant administration of erythromycin and digoxin has been reported to result in elevated digoxin serum levels.


There have been reports of increased anticoagulant effects when erythromycin and oral anticoagulants were used concomitantly. Increased anticoagulation effects due to interactions of erythromycin with various oral anticoagulants may be more pronounced in the elderly.


Erythromycin is a substrate and inhibitor of the 3A isoform subfamily of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP3A). Coadministration of erythromycin and a drug primarily metabolized by CYP3A may be associated with elevations in drug concentrations that could increase or prolong both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the concomitant drug. Dosage adjustments may be considered, and when possible, serum concentrations of drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A should be monitored closely in patients concurrently receiving erythromycin.


The following are examples of some clinically significant CYP3A based drug interactions. Interactions with other drugs metabolized by the CYP3A isoform are also possible. The following CYP3A based drug interactions have been observed with erythromycin products in post-marketing experience:


 

Ergotamine/dihydroergotamine

Concurrent use of erythromycin and ergotamine or dihydroergotamine has been associated in some patients with acute ergot toxicity characterized by severe peripheral vasospasm and dysesthesia.

 

Triazolobenzodiazepines (such as triazolam and alprazolam) and related benzodiazepines

Erythromycin has been reported to decrease the clearance of triazolam and midazolam, and thus, may increase the pharmacologic effect of these benzodiazepines.

 

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Erythromycin has been reported to increase concentrations of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., lovastatin and simvastatin). Rare reports of rhabdomyolysis have been reported in patients taking these drugs concomitantly.

 

Sildenafil (Viagra)

Erythromycin has been reported to increase the systemic exposure (AUC) of sildenafil. Reduction of sildenafil dosage should be considered. (See Viagra package insert.)

There have been spontaneous or published reports of CYP3A based interactions of erythromycin with cyclosporine, carbamazepine, tacrolimus, alfentanil, disopyramide, rifabutin, quinidine, methylprednisolone, cilostazol, vinblastine, and bromocriptine.

Concomitant administration of erythromycin with cisapride, pimozide, astemizole, or terfenadine is contraindicated. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)

In addition, there have been reports of interactions of erythromycin with drugs not thought to be metabolized by CYP3A, including hexobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate.


Erythromycin has been reported to significantly alter the metabolism of the nonsedating antihistamines terfenadine and astemizole when taken concomitantly. Rare cases of serious cardiovascular adverse events, including electrocardiographic QT/QTc interval prolongation, cardiac arrest, torsades de pointes, and other ventricular arrhythmias have been observed. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.) In addition, deaths have been reported rarely with concomitant administration of terfenadine and erythromycin.


There have been post-marketing reports of drug interactions when erythromycin is co-administered with cisapride, resulting in QT prolongation, cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and torsades de pointes, most likely due to the inhibition of hepatic metabolism of cisapride by erythromycin. Fatalities have been reported. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)



Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions


Erythromycin interferes with the fluorometric determination of urinary catecholamines.



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility


Long-term (2-year) oral studies conducted in rats with erythromycin ethylsuccinate and erythromycin base did not provide evidence of tumorigenicity. Mutagenicity studies have not been conducted. There was no apparent effect on male or female fertility in rats fed erythromycin (base) at levels up to 0.25 percent of diet.



Pregnancy


Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category B


There is no evidence of teratogenicity or any other adverse effect on reproduction in female rats fed erythromycin base (up to 0.25 percent of diet) prior to and during mating, during gestation, and through weaning of two successive litters. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.



Labor and Delivery


The effect of erythromycin on labor and delivery is unknown.



Nursing Mothers


Erythromycin is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when erythromycin is administered to a nursing woman.



Pediatric Use


See INDICATIONS AND USAGE and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections.



Geriatric Use


Elderly patients, particularly those with reduced renal or hepatic function, may be at increased risk for developing erythromycin-induced hearing loss. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).


Elderly patients may be more susceptible to the development of torsades de pointes arrhythmias than younger patients. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS).


Elderly patients may experience increased effects of oral anticoagulant therapy while undergoing treatment with erythromycin. (See PRECAUTIONS - Drug Interactions).


Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules (250 mg) do not contain sodium or potassium.



Adverse Reactions


The most frequent side effects of oral erythromycin preparations are gastrointestinal and are doserelated. They include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and anorexia. Symptoms of hepatitis, hepatic dysfunction and/or abnormal liver function test results may occur. (See WARNINGS.) Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibacterial treatment. (See WARNINGS.)


Erythromycin has been associated with QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia and torsades de pointes.


Allergic reactions ranging from urticaria to anaphylaxis have occurred. Skin reactions ranging from mild eruptions to erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported rarely.


There have been rare reports of pancreatitis and convulsions.


There have been isolated reports of reversible hearing loss occurring chiefly in patients with renal insufficiency and in patients receiving high doses of erythromycin.



Overdosage


In case of overdosage, erythromycin should be discontinued. Overdosage should be handled with the prompt elimination of unabsorbed drug and all other appropriate measures should be instituted.


Erythromycin is not removed by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.



Erythromycin Capsules Dosage and Administration


Erythromycin is well absorbed and may be given without regard to meals. Optimum blood levels are obtained in a fasting state (administration at least one half hour and preferably two hours before or after a meal); however, blood levels obtained upon administration of enteric-coated erythromycin products in the presence of food are still above minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of most organisms for which erythromycin is indicated.



Adults


The usual dose is 250 mg every 6 hours taken one hour before meals. If twice-a-day dosage is desired, the recommended dose is 500 mg every 12 hours. Dosage may be increased up to 4 grams per day, according to the severity of infection. Twice-a-day dosing is not recommended when doses larger than 1 gram daily are administered.



Children


Age, weight, and severity of the infection are important factors in determining the proper dosage. The usual dosage is 30 to 50 mg/kg/day, in divided doses. For the treatment of more severe infections, this dose may be doubled.



Streptococcal Infections


A therapeutic dosage of oral erythromycin should be administered for at least 10 days. For continuous prophylaxis against recurrences of streptococcal infections in persons with a history of rheumatic heart disease, the dose is 250 mg twice a day.



Primary Syphilis


30 to 40 grams given in divided doses over a period of 10 - 15 days.



Intestinal Amebiasis


250 mg four times daily for 10 to 14 days for adults; 30 to 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses for 10 to 14 days for children.



Legionnaires' Disease


Although optimal doses have not been established, doses utilized in reported clinical data were those recommended above (1 to 4 grams daily in divided doses).



Urogenital Infections During Pregnancy Due to


Chlamydia trachomatis

Although the optimal dose and duration of therapy have not been established, the suggested treatment is erythromycin 500 mg, by mouth, 4 times a day on an empty stomach for at least 7 days. For women who cannot tolerate this regimen, a decreased dose of 250 mg, by mouth, 4 times a day should be used for at least 14 days.


For adults with uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in whom tetracyclines are contraindicated or not tolerated: 500 mg, by mouth, 4 times a day for at least 7 days.


Pertussis

Although optimum dosage and duration of therapy have not been established, doses of erythromycin utilized in reported clinical studies were 40 - 50 mg/kg/day, given in divided doses for 5 to 14 days.


Nongonococcal Urethritis Due to Ureaplasma urealyticum

When tetracycline is contraindicated or not tolerated: 500 mg of erythromycin, orally, four times daily for at least 7 days.


Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Due to N. gonorrhoeae

500 mg IV of erythromycin lactobionate for injection, USP every 6 hours for 3 days followed by 250 mg of erythromycin, orally every 6 hours for 7 days.



How is Erythromycin Capsules Supplied


Erythromycin Delayed-release Capsules, USP, are clear and opaque maroon capsules bearing the Product Code ER with pink and yellow particles containing 250 mg of erythromycin supplied in bottles of 100 (NDC 24338-120-13)



Recommended storage


Store below 86°F (30°C).


Protect from moisture and excessive heat.



REFERENCES


  1. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically, Third Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A3, Vol. 13, No. 25 NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December 1993.

  2. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, Fifth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A5, Vol. 13, No. 24 NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December 1993.

  3. Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association: Prevention of Rheumatic Fever. Special Report Circulation. 78(4):1082-1086, October 1988.

  4. Honein, M.A., et. al.: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis after pertussis prophylaxis with erythromycin: a case review and cohort study. The Lancet 1999; 354 (9196): 2101-5.


03-A427-R1 Revised: May, 2011


Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Atlanta, GA 30328


www.arborpharma.com


(No. 6301)



PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 250 mg Bottle Label


NDC 24338-120-13

100 Capsules


ERYTHROMYCIN

Delayed-release

Capsules, USP


250 mg


Rx only


arbor™

PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.


www.arborpharma.com










ERYTHROMYCIN 
erythromycin  capsule, delayed release










Product Information
Product TypeHUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUGNDC Product Code (Source)24338-120
Route of AdministrationORALDEA Schedule    








Active Ingredient/Active Moiety
Ingredient NameBasis of StrengthStrength
Erythromycin (Erythromycin)Erythromycin250 mg
























Inactive Ingredients
Ingredient NameStrength
powdered cellulose 
citric acid monohydrate 
D&C Red No. 30 
D&C Yellow No. 10 
magnesium stearate 
povidone 
FD&C Blue No. 1 
FD&C Red No. 3 
gelatin 
titanium dioxide 


















Product Characteristics
ColorRED (clear and opaque maroon)Scoreno score
ShapeCAPSULESize22mm
FlavorImprint CodeER
Contains      










Packaging
#NDCPackage DescriptionMultilevel Packaging
124338-120-13100 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLENone










Marketing Information
Marketing CategoryApplication Number or Monograph CitationMarketing Start DateMarketing End Date
ANDAANDA06274601/10/2012


Labeler - Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (781796417)
Revised: 01/2012Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Inc.